A pattern of StumbleUpon use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:

1. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
* A need for markedly increased amounts of time on StumbleUpon to achieve satisfaction.
* Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of time on StumbleUpon.
2. Withdrawal, as manifested by either A or B below:
* (A) the characteristic withdrawal syndrome, 1, 2 and 3 below
1. Cessation of (or reduction in) StumbleUpon use that has been heavy and prolonged.
2. Two (or more) of the following, developing within several days to a month after Criterion:
o (a) psychomotor agitation
o (b) anxiety
o (c) obsessive thinking about what is happening on StumbleUpon
o (d) fantasies or dreams about StumbleUpon
o (e) voluntary or involuntary typing movements of the fingers
3. The symptoms in Criterion 2 cause distress or impairment in social, occupational or another important area of functioning
* (B) Use of StumbleUpon is engaged in to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
3. StumbleUpon is accessed more often or for longer periods of time than was intended, causing the untreated addict to neglect responsibilities at work and the needs of the family at home.
4. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control StumbleUpon use.
5. A great deal of time is spent in activities related to StumbleUpon use (for example, searching for new articles to submit, commenting on submitting articles).
6. Frequent talks about StumbleUpon in daily life.
7. Important family, social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced in duration and/or frequency because of StumbleUpon use.
8. StumbleUpon use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical, family, social, occupational, or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by StumbleUpon use (for example, sleep deprivation, marital difficulties, lateness for early morning appointments, neglect of occupational duties, or feelings of abandonment in significant others).

History of First Aid

The Knights Hospitaller were probably the first to specialize in battlefield care for the wounded. St. John Ambulance was formed in 1877 to teach first aid (a term devised by the order) in large railway centres and mining districts. The order and its training began to spread throughout the British Empire and Europe. As well, in 1859 Henry Dunant helped organize villagers in Switzerland to help victims of the Battle of Solferino. Four years later, four nations met in Geneva and formed the organization which has grown into the Red Cross. Developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been fueled in large by wars: the American Civil War prompted Clara Barton to organize the American Red Cross. Today, there are several groups that promote first aid, such as the military and the Scouting movement. New techniques and equipment have helped make today’s first aid simple and effective.